1.1   Perl Win32::Console

There are two things that all these programs need to do:

1. the first is that they need to position the cursor back by the number
   of items in x each time the array needs to be displayed.

   This is done with Win32::Console by the following lines:

   use Win32::Console;
   ...
   my $con = Win32::Console->new(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
   ...
   $con->Cursor(0, ($con->Cursor)[1]-@x-1) if $t++;
   

2. the second is to color the two items in the array that are being
   swapped.

   this is done by the following lines:

   my $highlight = $FG_GREEN | $BG_BLACK;
   ...
   my $normal_color = $con->Attr;
   ...
   $con->Attr($highlight) if grep {$_ == $i} @active_elements;
   printf "%2d: %*s [%2d]\n", $i, -$max, '#' x $x[$i], $x[$i];
   $con->Attr($normal_color) if grep {$_ == $i} @active_elements;
   

And here is the full listing:

use Time::HiRes 'usleep';
use Win32::Console;

my $highlight = $FG_GREEN | $BG_BLACK;
my $max       = 55;
my $len       = 33;
my $speed     = 30000;

my @x = map {int rand $max} (1) x $len;

my $con = Win32::Console->new(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
my @active_elements;
my $normal_color = $con->Attr;
my $count = 0;

quicksort(0, $#x);

sub disp {
    $con->Cursor(0, ($con->Cursor)[1]-@x-1) if $t++;
    for my $i (0 .. $#x) {
        $con->Attr($highlight) if grep {$_ == $i} @active_elements;
        printf "%2d: %*s [%2d]\n", $i, -$max, '#' x $x[$i], $x[$i];
        $con->Attr($normal_color) if grep {$_ == $i} @active_elements;
    }
    print "It took $count iterations to sort $len elements\n";
    usleep $speed;
}

sub swap {
    my ($a, $b) = @_;
    $count++;
    return if $a == $b;
    @active_elements = ($a, $b); disp;
    @x[$b, $a] = @x[$a, $b];
    disp;
}

sub randbetw {
    my ($a, $b) = @_;
    return int(rand $b - $a + 1) + $a;
}

sub quicksort {
    my ($l, $u) = @_;
    return if $l >= $u;
    swap($l, randbetw($l, $u));
    my $m = $l;
    for my $i ($l + 1 .. $u) {
        swap(++$m, $i) if $x[$i] < $x[$l];
    }
    swap($l, $m);
    quicksort($l, $m - 1);
    quicksort($m + 1, $u);
}

1.2   windows.h api method

1. The positioning of the cusor was done as follows:

   #include <windows.h>
   ...
   HANDLE con = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
   ...
   CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO con_info;
   COORD pos;
   ...
   if (t++) {
       GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(con, &con_info);
       pos = con_info.dwCursorPosition;
       pos.Y -= LEN + 1;
       SetConsoleCursorPosition(con, pos);
   }
   

2. rows were colored with:

   #define HIGHLIGHT FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
   ...
   GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(con, &con_info);
   normal_color = con_info.wAttributes;
   ...
   if (i == ae[0] || i == ae[1])
       SetConsoleTextAttribute(con, HIGHLIGHT);
   ... printf ...
   if (i == ae[0] || i == ae[1])
       SetConsoleTextAttribute(con, normal_color);
   

here is the full program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

#define HIGHLIGHT FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
#define MAX 55
#define LEN 33
#define SPEED 5

int x[LEN];

HANDLE con;
int ae[2] = {-1, -1};
WORD normal_color;
int count = 0;

void init() {
    int i;
    CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO con_info;

    con = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
    GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(con, &con_info);
    normal_color = con_info.wAttributes;

    srand(time(0));
    for (i=0; i < LEN; i++) x[i] = rand() % MAX;
}

void disp() {
    static int t = 0;
    CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO con_info;
    COORD pos;
    int i, j;

    if (t++) {
        GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(con, &con_info);
        pos = con_info.dwCursorPosition;
        pos.Y -= LEN + 1;
        SetConsoleCursorPosition(con, pos);
    }

    for (i=0; i < LEN; i++) {
         if (i == ae[0] || i == ae[1])
            SetConsoleTextAttribute(con, HIGHLIGHT);

        printf("%2d: ", i);
        for (j=0; j < MAX; j++)printf(j < x[i] ? "#" : " ");
        printf(" [%2d]\n", x[i]);

        if (i == ae[0] || i == ae[1])
            SetConsoleTextAttribute(con, normal_color);
    }
    printf("It took %d iterations to sort %d elements\n", count, LEN);
    Sleep(SPEED);
}

void swap(int a, int b) {
    int t;
    count++;
    if (a == b) return;
    ae[0] = a;
    ae[1] = b;
    disp();
    t = x[a];
    x[a] = x[b];
    x[b] = t;
    disp();
}

int randbetw(int a, int b) {
    return rand() % (b - a + 1) + a;
}

/* from jon bentley in chapter 3 of beautiful code  */
void quicksort(int l, int u) {
    int i, m;
    if (l >= u) return;
    swap(l, randbetw(l, u));
    m = l;
    for (i = l+1; i <= u; i++)
        if (x[i] < x[l])
            swap(++m, i);
    swap(l, m);
    quicksort(l, m-1);
    quicksort(m+1, u);
}

int main() {
    init();
    quicksort(0, LEN-1);
    return 0;
}

1.3   ANSI escape code method

1. cursor was positioned with:

   if (t++) printf("\e[%dA", LEN+1);
   

2. lines were colored with:

   #define HIGHLIGHT "\e[1;36m"
   if (i == ae[0] || i == ae[1]) printf(HIGHLIGHT);
   ... printf ...
   if (i == ae[0] || i == ae[1]) printf("\e[0m");
   

here is the full program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#define HIGHLIGHT "\e[1;36m"
#define MAX 55
#define LEN 33
#define SPEED 30000

int x[LEN];

int ae[2] = {-1, -1};
int count = 0;

void init() {
  int i;
  srand(time(0));
  for (i=0; i < LEN; i++) x[i] = rand() % MAX;
}

void disp() {
  static int t = 0;
  int i, j;
  if (t++) printf("\e[%dA", LEN+1);
  for (i=0; i < LEN; i++) {
    if (i == ae[0] || i == ae[1]) printf(HIGHLIGHT);
    printf("%2d: ", i);
    for (j=0; j < MAX; j++) printf(j < x[i] ? "#" : " ");
    printf(" [%2d]\n", x[i]);
    if (i == ae[0] || i == ae[1]) printf("\e[0m");
  }
  printf("It took %d iterations to sort %d elements\n", count, LEN);
  usleep(SPEED);
}

void swap(int a, int b) {
  int t;
  count++;
  if (a == b) return;
  ae[0] = a;
  ae[1] = b;
  disp();
  t = x[a];
  x[a] = x[b];
  x[b] = t;
  disp();
}

int randbetw(int a, int b) {
  return rand() % (b - a + 1) + a;
}

/* from jon bentley in chapter 3 of beautiful code  */
void quicksort(int l, int u) {
  int i, m;
  if (l >= u) return;
  swap(l, randbetw(l, u));
  m = l;
  for (i = l+1; i <= u; i++)
    if (x[i] < x[l])
      swap(++m, i);
  swap(l, m);
  quicksort(l, m-1);
  quicksort(m+1, u);
}

int main() {
  init();
  quicksort(0, LEN-1);
  return 0;
}

Create the Dll

You start with some c code for your library:

$ cat libgreet.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>

BOOL DllMain(HINSTANCE hi, DWORD dw, LPVOID lp) {
        printf("oh hai ^-^\n");
        return 1;
}

void greet() {
        printf("Hello, World!\n");
}

The DllMain function is optional but will be called automatically called when the dll is loaded and freed.

You may compile this to a relocatable object file:

$ cl -c libgreet.c

This generates an .obj file which you can use along with a .def file:

$ cat libgreet.def

LIBRARY libgreet
EXPORTS
        greet

Alternatively, you can forgo a .def file and use __declspec(dllexport) in front of every function you want exported.

You can now link the dll with:

$ link -out:libgreet.dll -dll -debug -machine:x86  \
  libgreet.obj -def:libgreet.def

which should create the following files libgreet.dll, libgreet.lib (the static library to interface to the dll), libgreet.pdb (allows you to step through your library’s code in a debugger), libgreet.exp (?), and libgreet.ppp (???).

Using Your Dll

There are two ways to use the dll. The first is to use the static .lib file to interface to the dll. Heres an example:

$ cat use1.c

int main() {
        greet();
        return 0;
}

You may use the greet() function as though it will just be there (because it will). You may also declare the greet() function here or in a .h file that can be used by both this function and the original library code. Those declarations may have extern in front of them or not. Compile it with:

$ cl use1.c libgreet.lib

Which will produce a final .exe file.

The other way to load a dll at run time. This does not require any files other than the dll so long as you know the interface. You can get an idea of the exports available in a dll by doing:

$ dumpbin /exports libgreet.dll

Then you may write code like:

$cat use2.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>

int main() {
        HMODULE loaded_dll;
        FARPROC greet;

        printf("Hello, Erf!\n");

        loaded_dll = LoadLibrary("test.dll");
        if (loaded_dll == NULL) {
                printf("unable to load test.dll library\n");
                return 1;
        }

        greet = GetProcAddress(loaded_dll, "greet");
        if (greet == NULL) {
                printf("unable to obtain greet() from test.dll\n");
                return 1;
        }

        (*greet)();

        FreeLibrary(loaded_dll);

        return 0;
}

and compile like:

$ cl use2.c